On-line Business Marketing 5 Dominating Myths

For implementing on-line advertising providers in a business, there are many techniques available today. Hence, it might be far better if one distinguishes and separates out the myths from facts prior to obtaining started with any kind of on the internet marketing and advertising. This can also help new comers to learn whats proper as well as incorrect for his or her enterprise issue. Next are handful of of the most prevalent myths spiraling about On-line Web Marketing and advertising:

1. Throw away of resources ? The usage of on the internet business marketing is just a squander of time & energy is one common myth that is believed by many. But this is not completely true. In fact one should understand using any service not in its real essence can lead to wastage of time and assets. Social media is not an exception.

In general, net marketers just create a Facebook or Twitter page in name of Social Media Marketing, and feel that they are done with their part. Indeed, one needs to be consistent in posting comments or opinions, acquiring genuine and reliable fan followings and generating advertising campaigns for being successful via SMM techniques.

2. Only a Fad ? This is one more fairy tale attached with the term SMM that social networks are just like other latest trends in craze that will fade their popularity with the passage of time. Although the fact is that, one social networking website may fall behind in race of getting attention as such it happened with MySpace. However, one should also not forget that there is already another one behind it, gaining momentum to be the cult just like Facebook, and Google+ currently in pursuit.

3. Quite Expensive ? This is a common mindset of many people that on-line net advertising is too costly and beyond feasibility in terms of cost. It is true that handful of big companies charge big amounts for a genuinely noteworthy website design and its on the internet marketing and advertising. However, the reasonably priced and effective ways to set up on the internet marketing and advertising as a practice to business operations are also not in deficit. Most significant ones include:

- Social Media Marketing (SMM services),

- Search Engine Optimization (SEO solutions) through blogs & articles,

- Video Media Optimization (VMO) through uploading videos as on YouTube

- Delivering promotional newsletters through Email Marketing Solutions.

- Employing such activities is definitely a lengthy task. But, these involve very nominal investment comparatively.

4. Product Approach ? Usually businessmen are from the view that the product can sell on its own, there is no such need to own a great website for this purpose. Its certainly true that one does not require a highly flashy website with boogie-woogie images at the home page with use of colors in abundance. But it is also quite imperative to display the similar signs of professionalism, as you do in your regular enterprise, on your website as well. A scantily designed website puts a lethargic image of a company in front of its audience.

5. Correct Targeting ? There is no such proven theorem in case of online business marketing which says Increased Traffic = Increased Profit. Unless and until, whole traffic is quality traffic. Thus, ensure which you target the proper audience.

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Tips for Easy Weight Loss

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news: Side Effects Of Breast Cancer Hormone Therapy ...

Breast cancer is usually separated into invasive and noninvasive types. Invasive breast cancer spreads from its original site to the surrounding tissues. Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is the most frequent type of breast cancer in women. On the other hand, noninvasive cancer cells are unable to spread and are confined to their original site. Risk factors of cancer include hereditary, age over 50, early menstruation, late menopause, exposure to radiation therapy, history of hormone replacement therapy, late or no childbirth, and alcohol use.

Breast can be treated successfully if detected early. It is highly advised that every woman should get familiar with their breasts and check them regularly for any abnormal changes. Self breast exam is the best way to detect the early signs of cancer. Actually, the proportion of deaths caused by breast cancer is now decreasing, mainly due to the increased awareness among the women and advanced breast cancer treatment options. Women who discover a lump or any other abnormality in their breasts are recommended to visit their doctor as soon as possible.

Side Effects of Breast Cancer: Although it can be effectively cured, the treatment can cause several physical, psychological, and psychosocial effects. This noxious disease can lead to several changes in the body, such as loss of the affected breast, and weight changes. Breast cancer treatment often causes premature menopause and menopausal symptoms. The patients who undergo radiation therapy for breast cancer may suffer from fatigue, a red-colored scar on the breasts, changes in the size and appearance of the breast, and lymphoedema or collection of fluids in the tissues. There is also a risk for damage to other organs like heart and lungs and breaking of ribs.

Hormone therapy is mainly used to treat this cancers that are hormone sensitive. Some of the possible side effects of this cancer hormone therapy are fatigue, headaches, hot flashes, skin rash, vaginal discharge and irritation, jagged menstrual periods, hot flashes, joint pain, and muscle pain. Rarely, hormone therapy can result in serious complications, including stroke, heart problem, cataract problem, uterine cancer, osteoporosis, bone loss and the subsequent broken bones.

In many cases, chemotherapy is used as a primary treatment or in combination with other treatment methods to treat this cancer. The short-term side effects of this cancer chemotherapy include fatigue, hair loss, diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite, mouth sores, increased risk for infection, and easy bleeding or bruising. These chemotherapy side effects can vary from patient to patient. Some types of chemotherapy can have lasting side effects, such as infertility, osteoporosis, damage to the heart, nerve damage,, concentration and memory problems, and leukemia (very rarely).

The breast cancer chemotherapy patients may also exhibit emotional symptoms like isolation, fear, and sadness. Definitely, breast cancer and its treatment can affect the emotional wellbeing of a woman. Anxiety and depression are very common among women who suffer from this dreadful medical condition.


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[OOC] Breaking Chains

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Having a Home Based Business and a Happy Habitat | Housing ...

Okay so, h?w d?d I ??m? t? write th?s article ?n Home Based Businesses you might wonder? Well, you see, it?s ?lw?ys been ?n m? mind, I love small businesses, ?n fact, I started my f?rst business ?t age 12 washing aircraft, and when I g?t my driver?s license I put equipment ?n the back of m? truck to wash car. Eventually, I had so much business I hired friends calling them ?independent contractors? to h?l? d? all the work, later, I franchised th?t business ?n ?ome 23 states serving 450 cities.

Each on? ?f tho?e franchises wa? a home-based business, well all but a handful which grew t?o large. That?s right all operating out ?f the?r home offices, do?ng services, and n?w ?ou can ?ee wh? I love home businesses. Needless to say, I?ve learned a lot ab?ut running ? home based business, mu?h ?f it th? hard way, ?nd thus, I thought I?d put ??m? ?f m? ideas, thoughts, observations, experiences, and wisdom h?re w?th y?u today.

No, running ? small business i?n?t easy, but I hope y?u?ll ??n??der it ?nd perha?? h?ve ? smoother road th?n I ? oh, no, I ?m not complaining ? I wouldn?t change ?nything or trade it, that adversity built character t?? ? I have plenty ? would ??u l?k? to buy some? Yes, ?f you take the plunge into ? small business y?u t?? w?ll h?ve t? battle the tough times, ???ec??lly ?n the beginning, but the freedom ?s much bett?r th?n corporate life, I bet ?ou?ll b? happier making your ?wn w?y in the world.

So, you ar? pr?babl? wond?r f?r wh?m I wrote this article? Well, how ab?ut consultants, lik? the SCORE volunteer wh? told m? m? business w?uldn?t work, and, for ?ll th? future small business people ?onsid?r?ng ? career b??ng their ?wn boss? How ?b?ut f?r government regulators ?t ?ll levels who ?ft?n d?n?t ??em t? have ? clue ?bout home-based small businesses?

Also, the college business professors teaching MBA classes, in fact, anyone who buys from a small business to help k??p th? money flowing ?n the community, ?n?b?dy who works ?n a small company, sells goods or services t? small firms, or corporate buyers who buy from them ? yes, that?s ?ust ?bout everyone.

You see, I?d like th? world t? know th?t b??ng self-employed i? excellent, and it?s ? great way of life, and ?lth?ugh ?t is ? bumpier road ?erh??? ?t times, it?? m?r? rewarding in the end to build something. So, plea?? ?onsider all th?s and th?nk on it.

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Nutritious Feeding on Points That could Keep Cardiovascular ...

 Healthy Heart.

Healthy Heart.

It truly is a hot indisputable fact that this ingredients persons try to eat make a difference to the fitness of the paper hearts. You have to control detrimental sorts of weight, sodium in addition to cholesterol together with mister. Although you won?t have to surrender flavoring as a way to retain nutrition. Here?s a few nutritious feeding on points to help someone to avoid the potential for cardiovascular system surgical procedures with your foreseeable future.

Just one word of advice you possibly can abide by to counteract cardiovascular disease is usually to find the delectable ingredients you can try to eat far more connected with rather then imagining with regard to what exactly you should surrender. The facility connected with constructive imagining is effective in most situation, as well as nutrition. Imagine epidermis slender rooster or maybe species of fish pots and pans of which style this center of any nutritious mealtime. Find the wide selection of healthful, crunchy produce that you can get. You will discover possibly deserts in addition to goodies which might be relished, like people that add fruits and veggies, plant seeds or maybe loco.

Just how seasonings that you can get, you?ll be able to decrease sodium, weight in addition to mister, and so a different word of advice intended for heart-healthy feeding on is usually to year ingredients including slender pieces connected with animal meat or maybe low-fat the rocks treatment having new seasonings. Cinnamon is usually a liven to use in most key or maybe area pots and pans to ones glucose levels together with LDL cholesterol degrees as a result of it is efficient antioxidant functionality. Drop the item with low-fat the rocks treatment or maybe yogurt for just a delectable sweet. Create oregano on your pasta pots and pans for just a boxing techinque connected with antioxidant electric power that is certainly seeing that sturdy seeing that several glasses of cut broccoli. Pep in place some sort of greens by means of dropping with a different antioxidant electric power household like thyme. Certainly you might want to work with new seasonings regularly with the best heart-healthy consequence.

A different word of advice intended for busting foreseeable future cardiovascular system surgical procedures is usually to create far more high-fiber ingredients on your regular dinners. Many appetizing high-fiber ingredients usually are pinto and black beans. Try to eat these individuals some and up situations daily and you may possibly be 23 percentage more unlikely that in order to develop cardiovascular disease in comparison with people that try to eat pinto and black beans solely weekly. It really is a positive change, and it also would not carry many pinto and black beans to realize the item. Try to eat solely 1 / 2 some sort of goblet or possibly even longer on a daily basis, in addition to any type of pinto and black beans people use up isn?t going to make any difference. Opt for ones favs by environment friendly pinto and black beans, black color pinto and black beans, pinto pinto and black beans or maybe some others. Create those to salads in addition to sauces, complete a cooking pot connected with beanie soup or merely try to eat these individuals alone. There?re some sort of delectable strategy to create far more balanced, stuffing linens on your eating plan.

After you sense that snacking, a superb word of advice is usually to chew with plant seeds. Chia plant seeds usually are a good solution intended for omega-3 essential fatty acids. Together with encouraging the very center, there?re necessary for food digestion, sleep problems in addition to attentiveness. Flax plant seeds usually are crunchy in addition to tasty, and in addition they deliver quick ingestion that can provide less possibility connected with cardiovascular disease. Sesame plant seeds comprise antioxidants which are proven to lower cholesterol though putting lime scale towards eating plan, and so try to eat these individuals on break time period or maybe drop these individuals using a greens or maybe with sauces. Pumpkin plant seeds usually are a different delectable decision that can assist you hook standing on ones omega 3 together with putting healthy proteins on your break.

A different practical word of advice intended for strengthening your diet program is usually to create far more produce going without running shoes. Since they are commonly lower unhealthy calories, fruit and vegetables can certainly populate people in place in addition to allow you to be fewer prepared to help stuff by yourself with fat ingredients. Loaded with vitamin products in addition to minerals-plus fiber-vegetables like spinach or maybe cauliflower can be employed within a nutritious stir-fry mealtime or maybe cast within a greens. Hold broccoli, pumpkin in addition to oatmeal cleansed in addition to slice with your family fridge intended for swift, nutritious goodies. By means of having all 5 and up meals connected with nutritious produce everyday, you can easily decrease possibility connected with cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular system episode in addition to cardiovascular system surgical procedures by means of in relation to something like 20 percentage. Certainly, feeding on these produce fresh would be the handiest strategy to attain the medical gains, and you can certainly awaken fry or maybe sauna these individuals likewise. And once the elements is usually pleasant, cooking these individuals external almost always is an extra-special address.

Just one remaining word of advice intended for cardiovascular system nutritious feeding on is usually to squeeze in a very little fruits on your eating plan. Tend not to overload, even so, mainly because some fruits usually are loaded with mister. Although quite a few, like avocados, usually are containing more monounsaturated essential fatty acids. Actually they will lower our blood cholesterol degrees. Some fruits that incorporate copious amounts connected with vitamin supplements C-such seeing that a melon in addition to strawberries-can defend ones bloodstream by deterioration. Reddish colored some fruits undoubtedly are a realistic decision intended for cardiovascular system health and fitness. Lilac grapefruit in addition to melon both equally comprise lycopene though pears in addition to cherries comprise anthocyanins. These types of will probably promote some sort of healthy cardiovascular system as soon as used all the time.

These include only a few nutritious feeding on points to help someone to keep cardiovascular system surgical procedures with your foreseeable future. Employ those to your diet program currently you need to enjoying the pros instantly.

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Top 5 Ways Writing Articles Can Explode Your Business | Easy ...

In the present day's competitive net universe, the seriousness of captivating highly targeted traffic to your site cannot be overemphasized. Routing web traffic to your internet site can be your only method of survival, especially in the cutthroat arena of ecommerce. Getting a high search website ranking can be difficult. Luckily , there is plethora of internet site promotion methods you need to use to push traffic to your site.

There is a wide variety of methods you can conform, from paid advertising to affiliate marketing. However , most of these methodologies require payment. Nonetheless, there are tactics to promote your web site and increase your net traffic without needing to spend anything. Writing articles is among the best site promotion strategies you need to use, and they can be exceedingly effective. How, you'll ask, can writing articles help in improving your web traffic? Here are the top 7 ways that it can help explode your business.

1.Reach more people

When you write good articles, it would be a shame not to share them with other people. You can post your articles in your site or you can submit them to other sites such as e-zines and online publishers. By submitting your articles to these sites, you give exposure not only to your ideas but in addition to your site. Simply include a link back to your internet site or include your info in the resource box. With this, you get exposure and free advertising too. Submit your articles to preferred e-zines and milk their renown. Other sites who find your article important could also backlink to you. Therefore, you boost your link acclaim, which is one of the most critical strategies in the net world. Remember that most individuals are on the lookout for info online and by filling this need with your quality article; you'll reap the benefit of more exposure and higher net traffic.

2.Free Advertising

Submitting your articles to other sites presents an opportunity to advertise your internet site without paying excessive fees. Though you have got to avoid promoting language in your articles and make it informative and handy to your fans, it's often possible to include your site?s link in the resource box. Additionally, by making your article important and useful to your fans, you are making a solid impression for your internet site, which could ultimately lead to a visit and with luck a purchase. Excellent quality content in an article is much better and better than a few lines of ad space. You've a very special opportunity to presell your product to your possible purchaser.

3.Gain High Search Website Ranking

Make a new webpage for your article in your internet site. Optimise your article to make it search-engine friendly. Use top-ranked keywords and Meta tags that may give your website a high search engine ranking. As soon as you upload your new web page to your webserver, search sites will spider thru it and you can gain an increase in search site ranking. Remember that search engine optimized content is a really effective system to gain a prominent ranking in search results.

4.Increases Link Popularity

Rather than attempting to find other sites who would want to establish reciprocal links with your internet site, you can simply send an article to other sites. Just never forget to incorporate a link to your site in your resource box. When these websites pick up and publishes your article, you mechanically get a link partner. Try and get as many link partners as you can. Link renown is among the factors employed by search sites in determining search engine rankings. Make your article particularly useful and appealing, so that more internet sites will be encouraged to publish it.

5.Optimizes your site for improved search engine ranking

By making your internet site keyword rich, you can significantly improve the search website ranking of your internet site this is one of the many good business ideas. Remember that keyword density is among the most important factors that search engines use when deciding the search engine ranking of site. However , you should usually provide relevant, handy and pertinent information. Avoid the temptation of overusing keywords solely to gain a high ranking as this may turn off most web surfers. Relevance and quality is still the most vital things to think about when making articles and it's going to be doubly helpful to your internet site if you make these articles search-engine optimized.

If you'd like to discover more about entrepreneurship ideas than you need to test out Entrepreneurs List.

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Foster parenting?what is it like? | How to Become a Foster Parent

Question by keekee: Foster parenting?what is it like?
anyone here been a foster parent? can you tell me how it was for you? ups? downs? i am considering it?.how long do you keep a child for?what if you get attached, will they let you adopt? i dont know much about it, but i wanted to ask someone who has been a foster parent. thanks

Best answer:

Answer by God Is Love
It?s hard! I know that is ?obvious? but it is really indescribably hard and can be heartbreaking.

I didn?t feel very much heartbreak at all but it was hard. I adopted my two daughters from the foster care system a few years ago. When I started the process I got what is called a dual license which is when you foster-to-adopt. This means that you are going into foster parenting with the intent to adopt one of your foster children at some point.

I only had two placements before my daughters. One was an infant and she was only in my home for a week while her mom got a new place and some of her business taken care of. The other was for longer but not long on the grand scale of things, but it did hurt when it didn?t work out for me. Luckily in this case the birth parents got their stuff together and everything worked out best for everyone especially the child. But that doesn?t mean it still didn?t hurt.

However I do know other families who were able to adopt the very first placement they got (mostly because they were VERY selective as to who they excepted). And I know other foster parents who have went through the heartache of having their foster children returned to a broken and yes even harmful home after being with them for a year or more.

I can only tell you personal experience because not only is every individual case different but each state or county even is very different in the way they handle things. What I can tell you is I know it was worth it for me and my girls and I think it would be worth it to you to give foster parenting a try. It is a long process so you owe it to yourself to at least contact you local DHS office and go through the classes. Then you can decide if it is RIGHT for you at this point in your life, or in your future, or not.

What do you think? Answer below!

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Combating Viruses with Security Tebow Jets Jersey Software ...

Support, I used to be sitting in front Tebow Jets Jersey my laptop or computer and it beginning acting unusual! Pop-ups were on my screen and I had been not even surfing the web. My property page was altered somehow and so did other internet options. My applications are in a crawl and overall my laptop or computer is simply not working the way in which it should be.

If this sounds like your computer, chances are you currently happen to be infected with some type of malicious software program. Many kinds of software package can infect your pc; several of these are spyware, a virus, a Trojan, as well as a worm. That?s why you will need safety software package.

Beneath is actually a short and easy description from the software that will infect your pc and lead to inadequate efficiency.

Spyware can be a program that gathers details concerning the user by means of the net without their expertise. It displays your web activity and passes this details to one more celebration with out your expertise. Spyware is created for business obtain, therefore when it really is set up in your Tebow Jets Jersey laptop or computer you are going to probably receive unsolicited pop-up advertisements. It might also gather your e-mail addresses, passwords, and bank card quantities saved in your pc.
A virus is programming code or perhaps a bit of code that loads onto your laptop or computer without having your consent. A virus is also self-replicating by inserting copies into an executable code or paperwork. Any virus is unsafe as it makes use of up memory and delivers your method into a halt.
A worm is much like a virus in the fact that it truly is self-replicating but differs inside the truth that it doesn?t need to have one more program to do so. A worm can spread itself without having any motion in the user. A worm can attach itself for you address book and deliver a duplicate to absolutely everyone in it, then attaches itself for the receivers tackle book furthermore, ship it out to everyone in that handle book. Worms are unsafe and inside the end can lead to networks to crash.
Trojans are designed as legitimate software program that you can get onto your computer. When set up although, they?re able to be annoying and/or malicious. Annoying actions of a Trojan could be changing your desktop around or foolish icons showing. Malicious damage from the Trojan is effective at deleting information in your pc and allowing individual and confidential info to become Tebow Jets Jersey collected without you being conscious.

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You are able to defend your pc from malicious applications in numerous techniques. Here are some ideas to contemplate.

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Study reveals impact of socioeconomic factors on the racial gap in life expectancy

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 5-Apr-2012
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Contact: Morgan Kelly
mgnkelly@princeton.edu
609-258-5729
Princeton University

Differences in factors such as income, education and marital status could contribute overwhelmingly to the gap in life expectancy between blacks and whites in the United States, according to one of the first studies to put a number on how much of the divide can be attributed to disparities in socioeconomic characteristics.

A Princeton University study recently published in the journal Demography reveals that socioeconomic differences can account for 80 percent of the life-expectancy divide between black and white men, and for 70 percent of the imbalance between black and white women.

Numerous existing studies on the topic have found that mortality differences are associated with certain socioeconomic disparities, but have not determined to what extent the life expectancy gap can be explained by such contrasts, noted author Michael Geruso, a doctoral student in Princeton's Department of Economics.

Geruso pulled mortality information from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS), a nationally representative survey of households led by the U.S. Census Bureau that examines the demographic and socioeconomic factors related to death. He concluded from this data that the average life expectancy from age 1 the NLMS does not fully capture neonatal and infant mortality as 71 for white men and 66 for black men over the study period. White and black women lived an average of 78 and 74 years from age 1, respectively. These figures match statistics from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Geruso then focused on racial divergences in seven areas: family income, education, occupation, unemployment, urban residence, home ownership and marital status. He determined the percentage each variable contributed individually to racial differences in life expectancy, and also examined the influence of various combinations of factors.

As a stand-alone factor, income accounted for 52 percent of the life-expectancy difference between black and white men, and 59 percent of that for women. For both genders, income was twice as high as the second most significant factor, education. After controlling for income and education, racial imbalances in other factors exhibited little power to explain racial differences in mortality.

Geruso also found that the influence of some factors depends on a person's gender, some of which were surprising, he said. Notably, marital status could account for more than 10 percent of the life-expectancy gap between white and black men, but seemed to have a negligible influence on mortality differences between white and black women.

Geruso explains his findings as follows:

"The most important contribution of this research is that it evaluates the relationship between socioeconomic status and racial gaps in mortality for almost all ages and using an unusually rich set of socioeconomic variables. It offers a precise, quantitative answer to a question many people are interested in: How much of the glaring disparities in life expectancy between blacks and whites might be explained by differences in a relatively small set of socioeconomic characteristics?

"What was really shocking to me was that no one had already done this study. The basic research question is one that has certainly been asked over and over, and dozens of good studies have chipped away at it. But for a variety of reasons, past studies haven't offered a precise or complete answer, either because of a lack of detailed data or methodological limitations.

"Instead, many existing studies are limited to examining mortality differences over a narrow age range and using incomplete data on socioeconomic variables for instance, income but not education, or vice versa. The interested reader could perhaps cobble together the results of a dozen studies, but that would provide an impression, not a result. One would be left with only a qualitative sense of how the relationship between socioeconomic status and mortality might contribute to the life expectancy gap between blacks and whites in the United States.

"My basic strategy was to 'reweight' the sample of black respondents in the NLMS data so that the distribution of all socioeconomic variables among blacks matched that of whites. For instance, when calculating life expectancy I scaled down the contribution of low-income black respondents and scaled up the contribution of high-income black respondents. That way, the effective proportion of low-income people in the black and white samples was even. This told me to what extent the life expectancy gap closed between the race groups once income was equalized.

"For some parts of the exercise, I matched the samples along a single characteristic, such as income, education or occupation. In others, I matched many characteristics simultaneously. This allowed me to answer questions such as, 'How important are group differences in marital status in explaining the disparity in life expectancy when income and education are equal?' The richness of the socioeconomic information in the dataset was critical for this.

"My findings are consistent with previous studies in the sense that those tend to conclude that much of the life-expectancy gap between blacks and whites are the result of socioeconomic differences. I was surprised, however, that socioeconomic status explains such a large percentage of the gap and that just a few variables are able to account for it.

"Household income alone accounts for more than half of the racial imbalance among both men and women, while more than a quarter of the gaps can be attributed to educational differences alone. Some stand-alone factors had more importance depending on gender. For men, occupation explained 27 percent of the lifespan gap, versus 3 percent for women. Home ownership, which served as a proxy for wealth, accounted for 23 percent of the female mortality difference, but only for 16 percent of the male gap.

"I tested various combinations of variables to determine their total association with life expectancy. One interesting finding is that once I control for income and education, then unemployment, job type, urban residence and marital status all have very little residual power to account for the mortality gap, especially for women. For example, differences in income and education account for 63 percent of the mortality gap between white and black women, but additionally controlling for several other socioeconomic variables never brings the total proportion of the gap explained above 70 percent.

"I was surprised that among respondents in each race group with similar income and education, marital status was significantly more influential in my data for men than for women. For men, marital status accounts for up to an additional 13 percent of the racial life-expectancy gap, while marriage had almost no additional benefit for women, once income and education were held constant.

"Other researchers have suggested that the reason marriage might benefit men is because of social ties and relationships they gain through their wives. On the other hand, women may largely benefit in terms of a bump in household income. That's at least consistent with what I found because once I control for income and education I remove the supposed monetary benefit of marriage for women, but not the social benefit for men."

###

This research was published online Jan. 28 in the journal Demography.



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[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 5-Apr-2012
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Contact: Morgan Kelly
mgnkelly@princeton.edu
609-258-5729
Princeton University

Differences in factors such as income, education and marital status could contribute overwhelmingly to the gap in life expectancy between blacks and whites in the United States, according to one of the first studies to put a number on how much of the divide can be attributed to disparities in socioeconomic characteristics.

A Princeton University study recently published in the journal Demography reveals that socioeconomic differences can account for 80 percent of the life-expectancy divide between black and white men, and for 70 percent of the imbalance between black and white women.

Numerous existing studies on the topic have found that mortality differences are associated with certain socioeconomic disparities, but have not determined to what extent the life expectancy gap can be explained by such contrasts, noted author Michael Geruso, a doctoral student in Princeton's Department of Economics.

Geruso pulled mortality information from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS), a nationally representative survey of households led by the U.S. Census Bureau that examines the demographic and socioeconomic factors related to death. He concluded from this data that the average life expectancy from age 1 the NLMS does not fully capture neonatal and infant mortality as 71 for white men and 66 for black men over the study period. White and black women lived an average of 78 and 74 years from age 1, respectively. These figures match statistics from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Geruso then focused on racial divergences in seven areas: family income, education, occupation, unemployment, urban residence, home ownership and marital status. He determined the percentage each variable contributed individually to racial differences in life expectancy, and also examined the influence of various combinations of factors.

As a stand-alone factor, income accounted for 52 percent of the life-expectancy difference between black and white men, and 59 percent of that for women. For both genders, income was twice as high as the second most significant factor, education. After controlling for income and education, racial imbalances in other factors exhibited little power to explain racial differences in mortality.

Geruso also found that the influence of some factors depends on a person's gender, some of which were surprising, he said. Notably, marital status could account for more than 10 percent of the life-expectancy gap between white and black men, but seemed to have a negligible influence on mortality differences between white and black women.

Geruso explains his findings as follows:

"The most important contribution of this research is that it evaluates the relationship between socioeconomic status and racial gaps in mortality for almost all ages and using an unusually rich set of socioeconomic variables. It offers a precise, quantitative answer to a question many people are interested in: How much of the glaring disparities in life expectancy between blacks and whites might be explained by differences in a relatively small set of socioeconomic characteristics?

"What was really shocking to me was that no one had already done this study. The basic research question is one that has certainly been asked over and over, and dozens of good studies have chipped away at it. But for a variety of reasons, past studies haven't offered a precise or complete answer, either because of a lack of detailed data or methodological limitations.

"Instead, many existing studies are limited to examining mortality differences over a narrow age range and using incomplete data on socioeconomic variables for instance, income but not education, or vice versa. The interested reader could perhaps cobble together the results of a dozen studies, but that would provide an impression, not a result. One would be left with only a qualitative sense of how the relationship between socioeconomic status and mortality might contribute to the life expectancy gap between blacks and whites in the United States.

"My basic strategy was to 'reweight' the sample of black respondents in the NLMS data so that the distribution of all socioeconomic variables among blacks matched that of whites. For instance, when calculating life expectancy I scaled down the contribution of low-income black respondents and scaled up the contribution of high-income black respondents. That way, the effective proportion of low-income people in the black and white samples was even. This told me to what extent the life expectancy gap closed between the race groups once income was equalized.

"For some parts of the exercise, I matched the samples along a single characteristic, such as income, education or occupation. In others, I matched many characteristics simultaneously. This allowed me to answer questions such as, 'How important are group differences in marital status in explaining the disparity in life expectancy when income and education are equal?' The richness of the socioeconomic information in the dataset was critical for this.

"My findings are consistent with previous studies in the sense that those tend to conclude that much of the life-expectancy gap between blacks and whites are the result of socioeconomic differences. I was surprised, however, that socioeconomic status explains such a large percentage of the gap and that just a few variables are able to account for it.

"Household income alone accounts for more than half of the racial imbalance among both men and women, while more than a quarter of the gaps can be attributed to educational differences alone. Some stand-alone factors had more importance depending on gender. For men, occupation explained 27 percent of the lifespan gap, versus 3 percent for women. Home ownership, which served as a proxy for wealth, accounted for 23 percent of the female mortality difference, but only for 16 percent of the male gap.

"I tested various combinations of variables to determine their total association with life expectancy. One interesting finding is that once I control for income and education, then unemployment, job type, urban residence and marital status all have very little residual power to account for the mortality gap, especially for women. For example, differences in income and education account for 63 percent of the mortality gap between white and black women, but additionally controlling for several other socioeconomic variables never brings the total proportion of the gap explained above 70 percent.

"I was surprised that among respondents in each race group with similar income and education, marital status was significantly more influential in my data for men than for women. For men, marital status accounts for up to an additional 13 percent of the racial life-expectancy gap, while marriage had almost no additional benefit for women, once income and education were held constant.

"Other researchers have suggested that the reason marriage might benefit men is because of social ties and relationships they gain through their wives. On the other hand, women may largely benefit in terms of a bump in household income. That's at least consistent with what I found because once I control for income and education I remove the supposed monetary benefit of marriage for women, but not the social benefit for men."

###

This research was published online Jan. 28 in the journal Demography.



[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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